HTS consolidated its authority in Idlib through a dual strategy. That is, securing the hearts and minds of the local population by providing some form of stability, while also using force to suppress or absorb rivals and former allies.
The group has moved away from its distinctive jihadist rhetoric, struggle for religion, and establishment of Islamic rule (Sharia) in Syria as part of a broader, interconnected global project. Instead, they adopted a more ‘revolutionary’ and nationalist narrative focused on the single goal of toppling Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and ‘liberating’ Syria.
The civil front that HTS established in 2017 to manage Idlib was called the Syrian Salvation Government (SSG). The goal was to demonstrate HTS’s governance capacity and strengthen its legitimacy. The move was also aimed at allaying fears about militants running the province, as well as distancing itself from the brutal images associated with IS rule over territory in Syria and Iraq.
The SSG operated as a small state consisting of a prime minister, ministries, and local departments that managed key areas such as education, health, and reconstruction, while also complying with a religious council according to Sharia (Islamic law). It also established professional-looking military and police academies, often featuring graduation ceremonies and organizing military parades, usually attended by al-Shara.
SSG frequently showcases its achievements in the areas of reconstruction and service delivery. These efforts have often contrasted with the dire conditions and rampant corruption in areas controlled by the Syrian government or rival rebel groups. Al-Sharaa has twice attended and spoken at Idlib’s annual book fair.
However, HTS faced serious problems in Idlib and its rule was not smooth.
Before the HTS-led rebel offensive on 27 November, the group had been plagued by anti-HTS protests, particularly targeting al-Shara’s leadership. Protesters have accused HTS of suppressing dissent through enforced disappearances and imprisonment of opponents and critics.
