The United States does not recognize Maduro as the winner and says it is confident Gonzalez received more votes.
The country is also one of dozens that has called on the CNE to release detailed vote tallies showing results from individual polling stations.
All persons named in the Treasury statement, external You will be banned from entering the United States and all property held within the United States will be blocked.
Among those sanctioned is Rosalba Gil, one of five CNE members.
U.S. authorities also targeted five judges on Venezuela's Supreme Court who supported the CNE's decision to grant Maduro a third term.
Members of Venezuela's security forces were also sanctioned, with the U.S. Treasury accusing them of “exacerbating repression through intimidation, indiscriminate detention, and censorship.”
More than 2,400 people have been arrested in the Maduro government's post-election crackdown, many of whom have been charged with “terrorism.”
Opposition candidate Gonzalez fled to Spain on Saturday after being indicted on charges of “serious crimes” including “usurpation” of office, forgery of documents, incitement of disobedience and subversion of the system.
The judge who issued the arrest warrant for Gonzalez is also among the 16 people sanctioned.
